Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution is a book by PETER KROPOTKIN written while he was living
in exile in England. It was first
published by in London in October 1902. The individual chapters had
originally been published in 1890–96 as a series of essays in the British
monthly literary magazine, Nineteenth CenturyWritten partly in response to Social Darwinism to illustrate the phenomenon of cooperation. After examining the evidence of cooperation in nonhuman animals, in pre-feudal societies and medieval cities, and in modern times, he concluded that cooperation and mutual aid are the most important factors in the evolution of the species and the ability to survive.
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OLIVER TWIST, Charles Dickens:
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